Masao Maruyama has been discussed with various labels attached to him, such as "modernist," "Westernizer," "nationalist," and "progressive intellectual." How should we read the texts left behind by this thinker? What questions did he pose, and how did he grapple with those questions? This thrilling and powerful essay re-examines him as a "contemporary" and radical thinker, discarding conventional understandings. This is a revised and expanded edition of "Masao Maruyama: Public and Private in Modern Japan," with one new essay added.